​轻松学英语，高中英语单词精讲（1）：senior，务必收藏

轻松学英语，高中英语单词精讲（1）：senior，务必收藏

#头条创作挑战赛#

senior既是名词也是形容词，作为名词是年长者, 资深者, 毕业班学生，作为形容词是年长的, 高级的, 资深的。既是高中词汇，也是大学英语四级词汇。

这个词实际上是由古印欧语系词根sen-发展而来，sen表示老的，在造词过程中还延伸出高级的意思。当然sen-词根还有其他的单词，例如高龄的，年老的senile，参议院senate，古罗马的元老院senatus等等，总共至少包括10个单词，如下图：

该单词出现在多次六级考试中，例如2008、2010、2012、2017、2018、2019、2021等年份。

作为高级的，我们经常能听到的、用到的有高级管理，高级工程师等等。需要注意的是，高层管理用high management。

作为年长的，有年长者，老人等。我在海外工作的时候，就看到不少银行就有专门的老年人服务窗口，或者发放相关卡片senior citizen。

运动会的成人组等等

senior及seniority涉及两组词缀：

1、er这一组，表示……人。有的人会说sen+or，怎么中间多了一个i？你能问出这个问题，说明你很认真，在英语，有的时候，为了发音或音节的需要，加入连接字母i。

2、ity这一组有点复杂：2.1.表示十，在数字后 2.2.从形容词变名词的后缀 2.3.ity是部分单词后的变种，由形容词构成抽象名词，意思是“存在的条件或质量____”，来自中古英语-ite，来自古法语-ete（现代法语-ité），直接来自拉丁语-itatem（主格-itas），表示状态或条件的后缀，由-i-（连接字符）+通用抽象后缀-tas组成。

我们常说的老年痴呆症senile dementia，于1851年首次出现。我们很多了解的老年痴呆症，可能只是阿尔茨海默症AD，实际上，除了AD，还有其他原因，例如中风引起的老年痴呆症。

Alois Alzheimer，1864年6月14日-1915年12月19日，爱罗斯·阿尔茨海默，德国精神科医师及神经病理学家，1906年，他首先发表了“老年痴呆症”的病例，后来并以他的名字命名为阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease, AD），据国际阿尔茨海默病协会（ADI）发布的《世界阿尔茨海默病2018年报告》显示，目前全世界至少有5000万的痴呆患者，到2050年预计将达到1.52亿，其中约60%-70%为阿尔茨海默病患者。

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来源：香港中文大学

The world’s first AI model using fundus photographs alone to detect Alzheimer’s disease

The world’s first AI model using fundus photographs alone to detect Alzheimer’s disease | CUHK in Focus | The Chinese University of Hong Kong

The retina is an extension of the central nervous system; thus, the eye is therefore a window that can show degenerative changes in the blood vessels and nerves of the brain. An international team led by CUHK’s Faculty of Medicine (CU Medicine) has successfully developed the world’s first AI model that can detect Alzheimer’s disease solely through fundus photographs or images of the retina. The model is more than 80% accurate after validation.

Considering fundus photography is widely accessible, non-invasive and cost-effective, this novel AI model incorporated with fundus photography is expected to become an important tool for screening people at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease in the community. Details have been published in The Lancet Digital Health.

Current methods to detect early Alzheimer’s disease are limited

In Hong Kong, 1 in 10 people aged 70 or above suffers from dementia, with more than half of those cases attributed to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is associated with an excessive accumulation of abnormal amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains, leading to the death of brain cells and resulting in progressive cognitive decline.

Dr Lisa Au Wing-chi of the Division of Neurology says, “Memory complaints are common among middle-aged and elderly people, and often considered a sign of Alzheimer’s disease. It is sometimes difficult to make an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on cognitive tests and structural brain imaging. However, methods to detect Alzheimer’s pathology, such as an amyloid-PET scan or testing of cerebrospinal fluid collected via lumber puncture, are invasive and less accessible.”

To address the current clinical gap, CU Medicine has led a number of medical centres and institutions from Singapore, the UK and the US to successfully develop an AI model using state-of-the art technologies which can detect Alzheimer’s disease using fundus photographs alone.

The retina is a window to study disorders of the central nervous system

Professor Clement Tham Chee-yung, chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, explains, “The retina is an extension of the brain in terms of embryology, anatomy and physiology. In the entire central nervous system, only the blood vessels and nerves in the retina allow direct visualisation and analysis. Hence, it has long been considered a window to study disorders in the central nervous system. Through non-invasive fundus photography, we can detect a range of changes in the blood vessels and nerves of the retina that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease.”

The team developed and validated their AI model using nearly 13,000 fundus photographs from 648 Alzheimer’s disease patients (included patients from the Prince of Wales Hospital) and 3,240 cognitively normal subjects. Upon validation, the model showed 84% accuracy, 93% sensitivity and 82% specificity in detecting Alzheimer’s disease. In the multi-ethnic, multi-country datasets, the AI model achieved accuracies ranging from 80% to 92%.

Accessibility, non-invasiveness and high cost-effectiveness of the AI model using fundus photography help detection of Alzheimer’s cases both in clinic and the community

Professor Vincent Mok Chung-tong, director of the Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, says, “In addition to its accessibility and non-invasiveness, the accuracy of the new AI model is comparable to imaging tests such as MRI. It shows potential to become not only a diagnostic test in clinics, but also a screening tool for Alzheimer’s disease in community settings. In the future, we hope to validate its efficacy in identifying high-risk cases of the disease hidden in the community, so that various preventive treatments such as anti-amyloid drugs can be initiated early to slow down cognitive decline and brain damage.”

Dr Carol Cheung Yim-lui of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences adds, “In addition to applying novel AI technologies in the model, we also tested it in different scenarios. Notably, our AI model retained a robust ability to differentiate between subjects with and without Alzheimer’s disease, even in the presence of concomitant eye diseases like macular degeneration and glaucoma which are common in city-dwellers and the older population. This further supports the concept that our AI analysis of fundus photographs is an excellent tool for the detection of the memory-depriving Alzheimer’s disease.”

validate

[ 'vælideit ]

vt. 使有效, 使生效, 确认, 证实, 验证 [计] 验证

accuracy

[ 'ækjurәsɪ ]

n. 精确, 正确 [计] 准确度

accessibility

[ әk.sesә'bɪlɪtɪ ]

n. 易接近, 可进入 [化] 可及性; 可达性; 可接近性; 吸湿性

diagnosis

[ .daiәg'nәusis ]

n. 诊断 [计] 诊断

deprive

[ di'praiv ]

vt. 剥夺, 使丧失 [法] 剥夺, 剥夺, 夺去

initiate

[ i'niʃieit ]

n. 入会, 开始 a. 新加入的 vt. 开始, 传授基本知识给

cognitively

[ ]

adv. 认知地

extension

[ ik'stenʃәn ]

n. 延长, 扩充, 范围, 扩展名 a. 伸缩的 [计] 扩展名, 扩充名

invasive

[ in'veisiv ]

a. 侵入的, 侵略性的, 攻击性的

presence

[ 'prezns ]

n. 出席, 面前, 存在, 仪态, 风度 [电] 出现

plaque

[ plɑ:k ]

n. 匾, 饰板, 名牌, 勋章, 胸襟饰物, 血小板

scan

[ skæn ]

n. 审视, 浏览, 扫描, 细查 vt. 细看, 浏览, 扫描, 标出格律 vi. 押韵, 扫描

dataset

[ ]

[电] 资料组

anatomy

[ ә'nætәmɪ ]

n. 剖析, 解剖学, 骨骼, 结构 [医] 解剖学, 解剖

preventive

[ pri'ventiv ]

a. 预防的, 防止的 n. 防止物, 预防方法, 预防药

fluid

[ 'flu:id ]

n. 液体, 分泌液, 流体 a. 流动的, 可改变的

robust

[ rәu'bʌst ]

a. 健康的, 强健的, 要用力气的, 坚定的, 粗野的 [计] 健壮性

effectiveness

[ i'fektivnis ]

n. 效力 [经] 有效性, 能行性

accumulation

[ ә.kju:mju'leiʃәn ]

n. 积聚, 累积, 积聚物 [医] 蓄积, 累积

physiology

[ .fɪzɪ'ɒlәdʒɪ ]

n. 生理学, 生理机能 [医] 生理学

neurofibrillary

[ ]

a. 神经元纤维的(neurofibril的变形)

sensitivity

[ .sensә'tɪvɪtɪ ]

n. 敏感, 灵敏度 [计] 灵敏度

cerebrospinal

[ .seribrәu'spainәl ]

a. 脑脊髓的 [医] 脑脊髓的

solely

[ 'sәullɪ ]

adv. 仅仅, 单独地

neurology

[ nju'rɒlәdʒɪ ]

n. 神经病学 [医] 神经病学

validation

[ .væli'deiʃәn ]

n. 批准, 确认 [计] 证实, 检验

prevention

[ pri'venʃәn ]

n. 阻止, 妨碍, 预防 [医] 预防

excessive

[ ik'sesiv ]

a. 过度的, 过多的, 极端的 [法] 过度的, 过分的, 额外的

ophthalmology

[ .ɒfθæl'mɒlәdʒɪ ]

n. 眼科学 [医] 眼科学

progressive

[ prә'gresiv ]

n. 改革论者, 进步论者 a. 前进的, 累进的, 进步的

macular

[ 'mækjulә ]

a. 有斑点的, 有污点的 [医] 斑[点]的

degeneration

[ di.dʒenә'reiʃәn ]

n. 退化, 恶化, 堕落 [化] 简并性

term

[ tә:m ]

n. 术语, 专有名词, 期限, 学期, 任期, 条件, 地位, 项, 界石 vt. 称, 呼

lumber

[ 'lʌmbә ]

n. 木材, 破旧家俱, 废物, 隆隆声 vt. 砍伐木材vi.喧闹地向前走, 隆隆地移动

hence

[ hens ]

adv. 因此, 从此

clinical

[ 'klinikәl ]

a. 临床的, 门诊部的 [医] 临床的, 临证的

visualisation

[ ,vizjjәlai'zeiʃәn,]

n. <主英> = visualization

alzheimer

[ 'ælz'ɛmɚ ]

n. 阿尔茨海默病（等于Alzheimer’s disease）

current

[ 'kʌrәnt ]

n. 涌流, 趋势, 流 a. 流通的, 现在的, 当前的, 流行的 [计] 当前的

pathology

[ pæ'θɒlәdʒɪ ]

n. 病理学, 病理, 病状, 病变 [医] 闰理学

successfully

[ sәk'sesfjlɪ ]

adv. 成功, 结果良好, 有成就

structural

[ 'strʌktʃәrәl ]

a. 结构的, 建筑的 [医] 结构的

diagnostic

[ daiәg'nɒstik ]

a. 诊断的, 有助于诊断的, 特征的 n. 诊断, 病的征候, 诊断法 [计] 诊断的

invasiveness

[ ]

n. 侵略性, 侵袭性 [医] 侵入力, 侵袭力

retina

[ 'retinә ]

n. 视网膜 [医] 视网膜

notably

[ 'nәjtbәlɪ ]

adv. 显著地, 著名地, 尤其, 特别

lancet

[ 'lɑ:nsit ]

n. 刺血针, 小枪, 尖顶窗 [医] 柳叶刀, 小刀

cognitive

[ 'kɒgnitiv ]

a. 认知的, 认识的

detection

[ di'tekʃәn ]

n. 发现, 察觉, 探测 [计] 检波; 检测

incorporate

[ in'kɒ:pәreit ]

a. 合并的, 组成公司的vt. 吸收, 合并, 使组成公司vi. 合并, 组成公司

differentiate

[ .difә'renʃieit ]

v. 区别, 区分

wale

[ weil ]

n. 隆起的伤痕, 鞭痕,精华, 选择 vt. 在...上留下鞭痕,挑选, 撑住 vi. 挑选

clement

[ 'klemәnt ]

a. 仁慈的, 宽厚的, 温和的

disorder

[ dis'ɒ:dә ]

n. 杂乱, 混乱 vt. 扰乱, 使失调

carol

[ 'kærәl ]

n. 颂歌, 欢乐的歌 v. 歌颂, 欢唱

singapore

[ .siŋgә'pɔ: ]

n. 新加坡

amyloid

[ 'æmilɒid ]

a. 淀粉的, 含淀粉的 n. 淀粉质食物, 淀粉状蛋白

embryology

[ .embrɪ'ɒlәdʒɪ ]

n. 胚胎学 [医] 胚胎学

dementia

[ di'menʃiә ]

n. 痴呆 [医] 痴呆

photograph

[ 'fәutәgrɑ:f ]

n. 相片, 照片, 逼真的描绘 v. 照相, 摄影

case

[ keis ]

n. 情形, 情况, 箱, 容器, 事实, 病例, 案例, 框子 vt. 装箱, 包盖

fundus

[ 'fʌndәs ]

n. 基底, 底, 底部 [医] 底, 基底

glaucoma

[ glɒ:'kәumә ]

n. 绿内障, 青光眼 [医] 青光眼(绿内障)

puncture

[ 'pʌŋktʃә ]

n. 刺痕, 穿刺 vt. 刺穿, 刺, 揭穿 vi. 被刺穿

scenario

[ si'nɑ:riәʊ ]

n. 剧本提纲, 情节, 剧本, 方案, 事态 [计] 方案

efficacy

[ 'efɪkәsɪ ]

n. 功效, 效力 [医] 效能, 功效, 效验

attribute

[ ә'tribju:t ]

n. 属性, 标志, 定语 vt. 把...归于, 认为...属于 [计] 属性

retain

[ ri'tein ]

vt. 保持, 保有, 留住, 记得, 付定金聘请 [经] 保留, 留存

comparable

[ 'kɒmpәrәbl ]

a. 可比较的, 比得上的

dweller

[ 'dwelә ]

n. 居民

concomitant

[ kәn'kɒmitәnt ]

a. 相伴的, 伴随的, 共存的 n. 伴随物

degenerative

[ di'dʒenәrәtiv ]

a. 退步的, 退化的, 变质的 [医] 变性的, 退化的, 变质的